Ophthalmology Case Reports

                  Cataract is a disease  that  makes  clouding of the lens in the eye that lies behind the iris and pupil, which leads to a decrease in vision.  Those are the most common cause of the vision loss in the people over the age in between 35-40They  often develop slowly and can affect single or both eyes. Cataract symptoms may include faded colors and blurry vision, halos around light, trouble with bright lights, trouble in seeing at night. This leads to difficult in driving, reading, or recognizing faces. Poor vision caused by this disease may also result in increased risk of falling and depression. They are the cause of half of blindness.

Cataract surgery : 

          when the eyes lenses get the opportunity to be shady, Cataract evacuation is for the most part supported and in this way Cataract surgery like Cryo-extraction is performed. In Cataract surgery, the lens inside the eye that has wound up shady is removed and supplanted with a mimicked lens (called an intraocular lens, or IOL) to restore clear vision. The system routinely is performed on an outpatient start and does not require an overnight stay in a center or other thought office. Most present Cataract surgery integrates the usage of a high-repeat ultrasound device that segregates the cloudy lens into minute pieces, which are then carefully removed from the eye with suction. The up and coming Refractive Surgery Conference may likewise concentrate on Cataract surgery as this is the most broadly recognized eye sickness everywhere throughout the world.

Glaucoma  is a disease related to the eye. This disease can cause disorder to the eye which causes damage to the optic nerve that carries the particular information from eye to our brain. This disease have no symptoms in our early age ,if we find problems with our sight, then its clearly states the vison loss has already occurred and it is in high stage may be its difficult to stop until we undergo with the treatment.

This glaucoma is usually known as “THE SILENT THIEF OF SIGHT”, Because it doesn’t causes any pain and no symptom will be seen until we are at high risk regarding the loss of vison. Up to that this glaucoma stays undetected  till the optic nerve causes damage.

As per mostly seen cases this disease  is mostly associated with higher pressure than normal pressure inside our eye. The higher pressure is known as “OCULAR HYPERTENSION”, and the normal pressure is known as “INTRA OCULAR PRESSURE”. There is still chances to get them treated if symptoms has seen, otherwise it may lead to blindness  or visual field loss.

• TYPES OF GLAUCOMA

1. Primary open angle glaucoma
2. Acute angle closure glaucoma.
3. Normal tension glaucoma
4. pigmentary glaucoma
5. Secondary glaucoma
6. Congenital glaucoma

ACANTHAMOEBA KERATITIS  this is a unseen disease which the amoeba can occur at the corner of the eye which results the permanent loss of visual on eyes.  Its mostly can causes with the contact lensesThey should be properly dis-infected before we wear it. While swimming or in cases of surfing it should be removed. there are many cases regarding to ACANTHAMOEBA ,who doesn’t wear contact lenses.This disease can cause by a free living amoeba its called as single celled living organism. They can find in soil, dust, water sources. It can often be cured without any long-term complications.

Amblyopia is usually known as “LAZY EYE”. This amblyopia  condition can be noted by reduced vision and  its cannot correctable by glasses or contact lenses nor any eye disease. The brain for some similar reasons, does not fully acknowledge the images seen by the lazy eye.. This affects to only one single eye but it may manifest the reduction of our eye vision in both. it states  that  3% of children under six years will have some form of amblyopia. There are two regions in the eye, cornea and lens, which helps us in focusing on images. In a normal healthy eye, both these focusing features have a completely smooth curvature.  There is a similar disease  known as “STRABISMUS”. This  is also called as crossed eyes. Strabismus  is a condition in which the eyes do not properly align with each other when looking at an object. The condition may be present occasionally. If it present during a large part of childhood, it may result in AMBLYOPIA or loss of depth perception.  If ir present  during adulthood, it can be result in double vision.

This amblyopia can also b treated by patching. Its very effective way of treating amblyopia. It allows the weaker eye to get stronger. By closing one eye by wearing the patch and making the other eye (lazy eye) to focus on the things.  As we shown in the fig.2 , the child is wearing a patch on the normal eye. As its is hard to make the young children waring patch ,it needs lot of support from parents.

• Different types of amblyopia.
• Different types of patches. 
• Vision screening .
• Treatment.
• Case report : In some of the cases, treatment for amblyopia may not succeed in substantially improving vision. It is hard to decide to stop treatment, but sometimes it is best for both the child and the family.

In most cases loss of vision from amblyopia can be prevented or successfully treated if started early enough and if the degree of amblyopia is not extreme

Astigmatism is called as refractive error which states that our eye will not focus light on the retina. This can be result to blurred vision at all distances. Astigmatism symptoms can include eye strain, headache and trouble in driving at night. If it occurs in early life  it can result to amblyopia, which is also known as LAZY EYE.

           The cause of this disease is unclear, related to genetic factors. The unseen mechanism involves an irregular curvature of the cornea in the lens of the eye. This can be diagnosed by the eye exam. The treatment for this amblyopia can be done in three ways “GLASSES,CONTACTLENS, SUGERY”. GLASSES are the simplest treatment for it. CONTACT LENSES can provide the wider space  for vison,  whereas refractive surgery will permanently changes the shape of the eye.

CORNEAL ULCER is an disease with open sore or epithelial defect with underlying inflammation on the cornea, which is the clear structure in the front of the eye. The cornea overlies the iris the colored part of the eye. And this is separated from the iris by the fluid in the anterior chamber of the eye. It looks like gray to white opaque or translucent area on the normally clear and transparent cornea. Most corneal ulcer Infections are preventable.

         Similarly there are variety of causes of corneal ulcers, including infection, physical and chemical trauma .Most corneal ulcers are caused by infections.  The infections that cause corneal ulcers and are common in contact lens wearers. Bacteria can directly invade the cornea if the corneal surface has been spoiled. Symptoms of corneal ulcers include: redness of the eye, severe pain and soreness of the eye, the feeling of having something in your eye, tearing ,pus or other discharge ,blurred vision, sensitivity to light, swelling of the eyelids ,a white spot on your cornea that you may or may not be able to see when looking in the mirror.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Retinitis is a disease which is related infection to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) that causes blindness. It is a serious viral eye infection of the retina. Retina is the light-sensing nerve layer that lines the back of our eye .This CMV is a full thickness retinal infection that can lead to retinal breaks and detachments.

                             It is mostly found in people with weakened immune systems  such as “Newborn babies ,the elderly, those undergoing chemotherapy , recipients of organ transplants”. This CMV symptoms seems like  floaters, flashes (photopia’s), blind spots (scotomata). Pain and photophobia are uncommon.

Macular dystrophy is (very rare) unseen genetic disease that causes vision loss that effects to the back of our eye, it leads to the cell damage in the Area called MACULA, that controls how u see and what is  in front of us. This can be caused by the pigment that builds macula’s cells. This substance can damage cells that plays role in a clear central vision. Our sight gets blurry and warped but our peripheral vision is not harmed. so, totally we won’t be blind.

This disease can affect in two types of ages childhood and mid-adulthood. In childhood it causes the different loss of the amount, where as in mid-adult hood vision loss will slowly get worse. It can also passes from parents to children through genes.

Uveitis means the inflammation of the uvea. It occurs when the middle layer of the eye ball gets red and swollen. Imagine eye as a hollow ball, the innermost lining layer is the retina, which senses light and helps to send images to your brain and outermost layer is the sclera, the strong white wall of the eye.

It has the many blood vessels that nourish our eye and also those blood vessels that carries oxygen to and from the eye.. It can damage our vital eye tissue, leading to permanent vision loss. it requires an urgent referral and treatment through ophthalmologist to control the inflammation.

Black eye can occur when we got a injury bruising around the eye or on the face. it cause swelling and dark bruising in the tissue. Then the blood collects other fluids around the eye in the space.Black eye states the sign of the serious injury around the eye. This can be heal in few days , if its not cured by the time it may cause damage to the eye or the eye sight

Black eye can be seen in many cases like if we got hit on eye or nose. if we got hit on the nose then both eyes may leads to swell because of the buildup of fluid in the loose skin beneath the eyes.

Ophthalmologists are doctors who spend substantial time in doing treatment and detecting sicknesses of the eye. Such issues can incorporate maladies like cataracts or glaucoma; wounds; and issues with vision, like farsightedness. American Academy of Ophthalmology have renowned and expertise ophthalmologists have more particular preparing in the eye than family specialists and, in opposition to optometrists, have finished therapeutic school and know about general medication. On account of this preparation, ophthalmologists frequently get referrals of patients with genuine eye issue from optometrists and family doctors. Coursework in a therapeutic school program incorporates general wellbeing concentrates, for example, life structures and physiology.

To encourage the forthcoming ophthalmologists, Refractive Surgery 2018 Conference has an exceptional session on ophthalmologists' vocation and preparing.